Cover; Non-Muslims in the Early Islamic Empire; Cambridge Studies in Islamic Civilization; Title; Copyright; Dedication; Contents; Illustrations; Preface; Introduction; HISTORY OF RESEARCH; Goals of the Present Research; The Structure of the Book; 1. The Roots and Authenticity of the Surrender Agreements in the Seventh Century; TREATIES BEFORE THE MUSLIM CONQUEST; Treaties with the Sasanians; Treaties with the Barbarians and the Arabs; Barbarians; Arabs; LOCAL SURRENDER AGREEMENTS DURING THE ROMANAND BYZANTINE PERIOD The Position of the Cities in the East during the Hostilities between the Romans and the SasaniansThe History of Surrender Agreements Made by Cities Prior to the Muslim Conquest; SURRENDER AGREEMENTS MADE FOLLOWING THE MUSLIM CONQUEST; The Terminology; Aman; Baqt; The Verb qata' a 'ala; The Procedure of Surrendering; Actual Copies of the Agreements; The Structure of the Agreements; The Characteristics of the Agreements; Formulae of Oaths; The Stipulations; Detailed Agreements; Payments and Gifts Accompanying Surrender; CONCLUSION 2. Shurut 'Umar and Its Alternatives: The Legal Debate over the Status of the DhimmisTHE DATING AND THE FORMATION OF SHURUT 'UMAR; LEGAL DISCUSSIONS THROUGHOUT THE EIGHTH AND NINTH CENTURIES; THE COMPOSITION OF THE GENERAL SULH DOCUMENTS; CONCLUSION; 3. The Date and the Ideology of the Ghiyar Code; THE SOURCES REGARDING 'UMAR B. 'ABD AL- 'AZIZ'S EDICT; THE IDEOLOGY BEHIND THE EDICT; THE DATE OF THE ADOPTION OF IRANIAN DRESS CODES; 4. The Enforcement of Shurut 'Umar; RESTRICTIONS UPON THE DHIMMI S PRIOR TO AL-MUTAWAKKIL; THE RESTRICTIONS ISSUED BY AL-MUTAWAKKIL THE LONG-LASTING ENFORCEMENT OF AL-MUTAWAKKIL'S RESTRICTIONS5. The Provenance of the Modes of Subordination of Non-Muslims; THE STATUS OF MINORITIES IN ANCIENT NEAR EASTERN SOCIETIES; THE STATUS OF MINORITIES IN THE BYZANTINE AND SASANIAN EMPIRES; Jews in Byzantine Society; Non-Zoroastrians in Sasanian Society; MUSLIM AND PRE-MUSLIM MODES OF SUBORDINATION COMPARED; Byzantine and Sasanian Precedents to Muslim Law Regarding Non-Muslims; Rules Regarding Non-Muslims that Cannot Be Traced Back to Byzantine or Zoroastrian Law THE SASANIAN ORIGINS OF THE SOCIAL POSITION OF NON-MUSLIMSIN ISLAMICATE SOCIETYThe Rejection and Adoption of Royal Sasanian Manners and Status Symbols; The Dibirs and the Dihqans as Transmitters of Cultural and Social Concepts; THE IDEOLOGY OF THE IRANIAN CLASS SYSTEM; The Iranian Class System: Between Ethos and Reality; THE ADOPTION OF SASANIAN ARISTOCRATIC ETHOS BY THE MUSLIMS; The Status of Mawali in Early Muslim Society; The Dhimmis as a Social Stratum within Islamicate Society; The Concept of Ghiyar; The 'Unprecendented' Clauses of the Shurut as Part of the New Social Ethos Clause 5: The Obligation to Show Respect to Muslims and Give Them Priority in Seating (and on the Road) | 
