Intro -- Preface -- Contents -- About the Author -- Abbreviations -- Part I Urban Heat Islands and Urban Warming in Japan -- 1 Basic Features of the Urban Heat Island (UHI) -- 1.1 Observational Studies on Nighttime UHIs -- 1.1.1 Examples of UHI -- 1.1.2 Vertical Structure of UHI -- 1.2 Climatology of UHI Intensity -- 1.2.1 Indices of UHI Intensity and Urbanness -- 1.2.2 Relationship Between Nighttime UHI Intensity and Climatological Factors -- 1.2.3 Mechanisms of UHI Formation -- References -- 2 Climatology of Long-Term Urban Warming -- 2.1 Interest in Urban Warming 2.2 Detection of Urban Warming in Long-Term Temperature Trends in Japan -- 2.2.1 Relationship Between Temperature Trends and Population Density -- 2.2.2 Dependence of Temperature Trends on Population Density: Analysis for a Centennial Time Scale -- 2.3 Dependence of Urban Warming on Weather Conditions -- References -- 3 Sub-city Scale Temperature Distribution -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Temperature Around Urban Parks -- 3.3 Microscale Effects on Observed Temperature -- 3.4 Microscale Effects on Long-Term Temperature Trends -- References -- 4 Wind and Precipitation in Cities -- 4.1 Urban Wind 4.1.1 Urban Effects on Surface Wind Speed -- 4.1.2 Heat-Island Circulation -- 4.1.3 Interaction Between the Heat-Island Circulation and Local Winds -- 4.2 Urban Humidity and Precipitation -- 4.2.1 Relative Humidity and Amount of Water Vapor -- 4.2.2 Urban Fog -- 4.2.3 Clouds and Precipitation in Cities -- 4.2.4 Urban Snow -- References -- Part II Climatology of Heat and Cold Mortalities in Japan -- 5 Climatology of Heat Stroke Mortality in Japan -- 5.1 Basic Statistics of Heat Stroke Deaths in Japan -- 5.1.1 Outline of Heat Stroke Data -- 5.1.2 Definition of Heat Stroke Mortality Rate 5.1.3 Basic Statistics of Heat Stroke Mortality in Japan -- 5.2 Regional Variations in Heat Stroke Mortality Rates and Temperature -- 5.2.1 Outline of the Analysis Procedure -- 5.2.2 Spatial Patterns -- 5.2.3 Interannual Variability -- 5.2.4 Seasonal Variations -- 5.2.5 Summary and Remarks -- 5.3 Relationship Between Daily Heat Stroke Mortality and Temperature -- 5.3.1 Background -- 5.3.2 Regional and Temporal Features -- 5.3.3 Summary and Remarks -- 5.4 Dependence of Municipality-Wise Heat Stroke Mortality Rate on Temperature and Economic Status -- 5.4.1 Background 5.4.2 Data and Procedure of Analysis -- 5.4.3 Results of Correlation Analysis -- 5.4.4 Summary and Remarks -- References -- 6 Comparison of Climatology of Ambulance Transport Rates and Mortality -- 6.1 Background -- 6.2 Data and Analysis -- 6.3 Regional, Interannual, and Seasonal Variations of Transport Rate -- 6.4 Relationship Between Daily Transport Rate and Meteorological Factors -- 6.5 Summary and Remarks -- References -- 7 Climatology of Cold Mortality in Japan -- 7.1 Background -- 7.2 Data and Analysis -- 7.3 Basic Statistics of Cold Mortality |