Pt. I: Historical perspectives --Towards a reform of the Indian madrasa? an introduction /Jan-Peter Hartung --Modernist view of madrasa education in late Mughal India /Saiyid Naqi Husain Jafri --Mad ̄aris and the challenges of modernity in colonial India /Farhat Hasan --Madrasa and kh ̄anaq ̄ah, or madrasa in kh ̄anaq ̄ah? education and Suf ̄i establishments in Northern India /Saiyid Zaheer Husain Jafri --Sh ̄iʿa mad ̄aris of Awadh: historical development and present situation /Syed Najmul Raza Rizvi --