Intro -- Preface -- Acknowledgements -- Contents -- Acronyms -- Part I Understanding Social Transformation -- 1 Transformation of the Japanese Society in the 20th Century -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Transformation of Families and Communities -- 1.2.1 Population and Households -- 1.2.2 Mutual Aid -- 1.3 Economic Transformation in Japan -- 1.3.1 Regional Disparity -- 1.3.2 Income Inequality -- 1.4 Concluding Remarks -- References -- 2 Markets, Communities, and Government: Analytical Framework -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Functions of Markets, Communities, and Governments -- 2.2.1 Functions and Limits of Markets -- 2.2.2 Roles and Limits of Governments -- 2.2.3 Functions and Limitations of Community -- 2.3 Interactions of Markets, Communities, and Governments -- 2.3.1 Economic Theories Supporting Our Hypothesis -- 2.3.2 Evidences in History -- 2.4 Concluding Remarks -- References -- 3 Introduction to Decision Theories -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Utility Maximization -- 3.2.1 Utility Function -- 3.2.2 Utility Maximization Under Budget Constraint -- 3.2.3 Decision Under Uncertainty -- 3.3 Introduction to Game Theory -- 3.3.1 Simultaneous-Move Games -- 3.3.2 Sequential Games -- 3.3.3 Repeated Games -- 3.3.4 Cooperative Games (Bargaining Games) -- 3.3.5 Tragedy of the Commons -- 3.4 Concluding Remarks -- References -- Part II Economics of Family and Community -- 4 Formation of Families -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Children -- 4.2.1 Settings -- 4.2.2 Basic Model -- 4.2.3 Extension of the Basic Model -- 4.2.4 Cobb-Douglas Case -- 4.3 Marriage -- 4.3.1 Settings -- 4.3.2 Basic Model -- 4.3.3 Factors Affecting Divorce Probability -- 4.3.4 Meaning of Legal Marriage and Divorce -- 4.3.5 Related Literature -- 4.4 Concluding Remarks -- References -- 5 Resource Allocations within Families -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Gift and Bequest -- 5.2.1 Basic Model 5.2.2 Rotten-Kid Theorem -- 5.2.3 Strategic Bequests -- 5.2.4 Incomplete Information and Timing of Bequests -- 5.3 Support and Care -- 5.3.1 Basic Model for Private Support -- 5.3.2 Extended Model: Sustainability of the Private Support -- 5.3.3 Public Support and Fertility Decisions -- 5.4 Concluding Remarks -- References -- 6 Traditional Communities -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Private Provision of Public Goods -- 6.2.1 Model -- 6.2.2 Voluntary Provision of Public Goods -- 6.2.3 Crowding-Out Theorem -- 6.2.4 More Discussion on the Crowding-Out Effects -- 6.3 Social Norm and Social Punishment -- 6.3.1 Solutions to Externality Problems by Communities -- 6.3.2 Social Norms in Communities -- 6.3.3 Punishment Mechanisms in Japanese Local Communities -- 6.3.4 Evolution of the Social Norm -- 6.4 Concluding Remarks -- References -- 7 New Communities -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 NPO -- 7.2.1 Concepts of NPO -- 7.2.2 Economic Analyses of NPO -- 7.2.3 Basic Model -- 7.2.4 Management of NPO -- 7.3 Social Capital -- 7.3.1 Concepts of Social Capital -- 7.3.2 Effects of Social Capital -- 7.3.3 Accumulation of Social Capital: Theoretical Analysis -- 7.3.4 Accumulation of Social Capital: Empirical Studies -- 7.4 Concluding Remarks -- References -- Part III Social Policies in Japan -- 8 Population Crisis -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Facts and Theories -- 8.2.1 Population Crisis in Japan -- 8.2.2 Theories for Understanding the Decline in Fertility -- 8.3 Social Security System and Family Policies in Japan -- 8.3.1 Social Security System -- 8.3.2 Family Policies -- 8.4 Concluding Remarks -- References -- 9 Poverty -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Theories and Facts -- 9.2.1 Theories for Understanding Poverty -- 9.2.2 Increasing Poverty in Japan -- 9.3 Public Assistance and Support for the Poor -- 9.3.1 Public Assistance Program -- 9.3.2 Support for the Poor 9.4 Concluding Remarks -- References -- 10 Regional Disparity -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Facts and Theories -- 10.2.1 Changes in Population Distribution -- 10.2.2 Theories for Understanding Regional Disparity -- 10.3 Fiscal Decentralization and Regional Policies -- 10.3.1 Intergovernmental Relationship -- 10.3.2 Regional Policies -- 10.4 Concluding Remarks -- References -- 11 Epilogue: Social Transformation and Public Policies -- 11.1 Social Transformation, Public Policies, and Social Norms -- 11.2 What Went Wrong in Japan? -- 11.3 Lessons for Developing Countries -- 11.4 Public Policies in the 21st Century -- References -- Index | 
